Geoffrey Chaucer-The Canterbury Tales-1Geoffrey Chaucer(c. 1343-1400)Chaucer was born into a middle class family.
His father was a wine merchant in London. He was animportant diplomat and he worked for the king. He had a lot of diplomatic trips to France, toFlanders and to Italy. At the end of his life, he rented a house in the garden of Westminster Abbey,and was buried in the Abbey (a monument was erected to him into Poet’s Corner). Geoffrey Chaucer-The Canterbury Tales-2All the people speak in first person. The company decided to take with them Chaucer who becamethe speaking I → narrator and the eyewitness.
Chaucer speaks about the social conditions(profession and degree) and clothes of each of the pilgrims as it appeared to Chaucer. Thecharacters are individuals and stock type. Chaucer uses a sense of humour and irony. Chaucer usesan iambic pentameter: a line of 10 syllables with alternated weak and strong stresses → TheCanterbury Tales are written in couplets of iambic pentameter.
Geoffrey Chaucer’s exact birthdate is uncertain. He was born some time between1340 and 1345. He was the first major writer to promote english English as aliterary language. He belonged to the middle class, being the son of a well-to-dowholesale wine-merchant, and was also related to the aristocracy through hismother. He received a very good education in which much of teaching was stillprobably done in french although, by the time he died, english was to become themedium of the istruction in schools. He could speak French knew Latin and afteralso learnt Italian.
Several documents give information about his life because hewas a public man as well as a poet.In 1366 he married Fhilippa de Roet, nothing is know about Chauser’srelationship with his wife, so we cannot say whether his married life ispired theattitude to marriage and women expressed in the “wife of Bath’s” and “tales”.He travelled a lot and his most important journeys were was to Italy. He visitedGenoa and Florence where he acquired Dante’s Divina commedia which is quotedin “The Canterbury tales”. On his second trip to Italy, he went to Milan, at thatoccasion, he became acquainted with Petrarch’s and Boccaccio’s works, altroughhe never mentioned Boccaccio by name. He probably read his works in unsignedmanuscripts.While leading his busy life, Chaucer was also writing poetry.
At the time whenfrench and latin were the languages of culture, he decided to write in english. Hisdecision was as revolutionary as Dante’s decision to abandon latin to write initalian vernicular, although when he started to write he had not heard of Danteyet.In his works Chaucer introduced metrical innovation wich were very important forthe development of english poetry. He Introduced the line based on syllables andthe use of ryme.The Canterbury Tales were begun 1387, the year when Chaucer’s wife died, andwere still not finished when the poet himself died 13 years later. Chaucersborrowed from Boccaccio’s Decamerun the idea of social event to bring manypeople toghether and the device for stringing together a collection of story.
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ButThe canterbury tales are very different from Decamerun. For example, while thestory tellers in the Decamerun all belong to the same social class, those in thetales are a cross section of medieval society. The characters come from varioussocial classes and groups.The Canterbury Tales is mainly written in verse, although there are parts in prose,and the predominant form is the rhymig couplet. It has come to us in manuscriptform, since printing hadn’t been invented yet.It’s spring and the poet meets 29 pilgrims inthe Tabard Inn in Southwark, asuburb south of London.They are all going on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury.Thomas Becket was archbishop of Canterbury and was murdered by four knightsin Canterbury Cathedral in 1170.A details description of each pilgrim is given, he started from the upper socialfigure. They belong to various social classes. There are only three women amoungthem.The Host suggests that each pilgrim sholud tell two stories on the way toCanterbury and two to the way to back to London.
The teller of the best tale will. GEOFFREY CHAUCER 1343-1400The Roman de la Rose – 1276-80 /The book of the Duchees – 1369 /The House of Fame – c1379 /Boethius – c1380/TheParliament of Fowles – c1382 /Troilus and Criseyde – c1385 /The Legend of Good Women – c1386 /The CanterburyTales – c1386-93Chaucer was born into a middle-class family. His father was a wine merchant and sent him to be a page in thehousehold of Prince Lionel. Chaucer later came under the patronage of John Of Gaunt, Edward’s fifth son and hemost powerful noble in England, and may have been his personal friend. He became Justice of Peace and Knight ofthe Shire for Kent, effectively its Member of Parliament, in 1386.Chaucer’s production is divided into three phases: French, Italian and English. Chaucer knew French much betterthan he knew Italian: it was the language of the English Court and of European diplomacy.
During his French phasehis poetic models were French, altough his works were also profoundly influenced by Latin authors, especially Virgiland Ovid. The importance of his Italian experience was that it showed Chaucer that a vernacular language – in hiscase English – could be used to create literature fo a nobility, subtlety and importance equal to that of the classicallanguages.
He tried not so much to reproduce the great Italian authors in English as to elevete English to equalimportance as a literary language. This is the true meaning of his English phase, during which he succeeded, withThe Canterbury Tales, in creating an idom uniquely his own, and uniquely English.Chaucer is often called the father of English poetry. Chaucer estabilished the East Midlands and London dialect asthe dominant form of literary language that would later develop into Modern Standard English.Most major medieval English poets attempted the dream poem. This popular and long-lasting literary form wentback to classical examples, and was widely used in order to give the poem’s content a supernatural or quasi-supernatural quality. Chaucer often exploited the various possibilities offered by this genre and the developed thetheme of dream vision in many of his longer poemsThe second half of the fourteenth century is charaterised by a great number of translations of secular works.Chaucer himself was a translator (in the loose medieval sense of the world) and many of his works can be defined astranslations.The Canterbury TalesAll over Europe piligrimages were both religious and recreational events and were undertaken by people belongingto most levels of society. This gave Chaucer the opportunity of bringing together a heterogeneous society. Hispiligrims are both individuals and stock types and it is often difficult to know what is convention and what is not intheir description.
Chaucer’s piligrims also strike us for their variety. Some fo them are connected with the feudalworld of contemporary England. Others relate to the world of the Church. Yet others include townspeople, therepresentatives of the growing English mercantile and professional middle class. It will be noticed how Chaucer’spiligrims cover the middle strata of society. Nobles and peasants are alike excluded.
Chaucer’s is, broady, speaking,a portrait of middle-class England in the late fourteenth century. This is carried out with a fire irony and a narrativegusto that do not take away the fundamental truth of Chaucer’s picture.As his characters covered virtually all of contemporary English society, it was possibile for Chaucer to collect talescovering virtually all the major medieval narrative types – romance, fabliau, beast fable, parable, moral fable, etc –thus creating an anthology of medieval literary genres. Each teller is strongle characterised and the tales are made tocorrespond to the personalities of the piligrims who tell them.
In fact, part of the richness of Chaucer’s piligrims isprecisely due to the fact that each tale is told by a different speaker who relates things with a personal voice.Chaucer’s original intention was to have each of his 30 piligrims, including himself, tell two tales on the road fromLondon to the shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury and two on the way back, giving a total of 120 tales, plusdetailed portraits of the piligrims in the General Prologue. The teller of the best tale would be awarded a free supperby Harry Bailey, the host of the Tabard Inn, where they meet to begin their journey. In the event only 23 piligrimstell a storu, and Chaucer himself, as a piligrim narrating what he sees and hears on the journey, tells two. Inaddition to the General Prologue, most of the individual tales have a prologue in which the teller introduces his. Themes and point of view, and relates his tale to those that have preveded it, and an epilogue that carries thenarrative forward to the next tale. However, the originality and brilliance of the final effect is produced by the factthat Chaucer himself is a piligrim, not an invisible narrator.Thus, Chaucer is the inventor of narrative, but in his creation it is other people who tell the tales, giving rise tonarrative tension between the voice of the narrator (Chaucer) and the voices of the narrators within the generalnarrative (the piligrims). This enables Chaucer to report, comment and criticise without being directly responsiblefor what he is saying.
This means that the reader is never really sure who is actually speaking at any given moment –wether it is Chaucer himself, or Chaucer the piligrim, or one of the piligrims, or Chaucer commenting on what thepiligrims say, or the piligrims commenting on Chaucer himself. Thus, Chaucer is both inside and outside TheCanterbury Tales at the same time, and the work become a kind of Chinise box of narrative frames. The result is anextremely subtle example of the power of language to persuade and convinceAmong Chaucer’s major metrical innovations mention must be made of his early introduction into Englishversification of the five-accent line, technically know as the iambic pentameter. It is a line of teen syllables withalternating weak and strong stresses (first syllable is unstressed and second syllable stressed. Third syllableunstressed and fourth syllable stressed; and so on). The suppleness of this metre helps Chaucer to carry through hisnarrative without apparent effort: The Canterbury Tales are written in couplets (two consecutive lines rhymingtogether) of iambic pentameters. Such a form would later be known as heroic or closed couplets.
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!Early Victorians (realism)!- critical to the Victorian age but they all shared the same values of their readers.!- realism: literary tendency of the first half of Victorian age. Writers wanted to represent reality as they sawit. The author had to teach and amuse, had a moral, social and didactive aim to fulfill. They had to reflectthe social changes brought by industrial revolution. The story didn't need to be real, but plausible. Literarydevices: 1use of the omniscent narrator, that has to teach and moralize during the story throughcomments.
2 industrialized towns were the perfect settings of the novels, symbols of lost identities andanonimous life. 3 the ends of the stories were generally happy because of the spread feeling of optimism.!Emily Bronte 1818-1848!- Emily Bronte lived in Yorkshire (influenced the setting of the novel).
Believed in the trascendal world andthe possible link between living and spirit world.!- Wuthering Heights (1847) is the most romantic, poetic and mystic novel. At the beginning the book wasn'tsuccessful because based on passionate and distructive love, extramly direct and without any sense ofprudery (age based on prudery and respectability)!- the novel is a mixture of romantic and realistic elements.!- Heathcliff and Catherine represented violent love but also the link between human and nature. Phanteistic view of nature-unlike Coleridge- and cannot find ecstasy-like Wordsworth-), taste of gothicismand exoticism, restlessness!- non romantic characteristics: -criticism towards society -sense of fun -his wit!!Charles Dickens 1812-1870!- when his father was sent to prison, he was forced to work in a factory, a traumatic experience thatinfluenced his literary production. His pen name was Boz.
Worked in a legal office and then for comicnewspapers and journals. He was really famous allover Europe and in the Usa!- he used to publish in serial istallments, using the formula of sensationalism through which the writercould focus the reader's attention on social problems. In order to teach, he used to divide his charactersinto good and bad characters in order to give to the readers good models to be followed. He was reallyprecise and detailed. He used to combine mild social criticism with the sense of humor and caricatures inorder to describe his characters (focus reader's attention on the worst part of society).
According toDickens the author had to amuse and teach, he shared the same values of his readers.!- recurrent themes and settings: provincial towns, industrial settlements and above all, the industrializedand curropted London. He mostly described criminals, vagabons and orphans in order to show howcriminal life really was.!- Oliver Twist 1838, published at first in serial instalmentsin this novel Dickens attcked the institutions thatadministred the workhouses, the injustice, the curroptions of the parishes and concillors, law and theentire society. Vivid descriptions of the workhouses, the slums and the orphan life. Explore childhood.!-Hard Times 1854, the novel is built around the inhumanity of the factory system, the utilitarian philosophy(which judge the value of everything according to its practical value). According to Bentham, one of thefirst utilitaristic philosophers, somethinf is good if it can bring happiness to a large group of people.theattention is put on the facts and not on the abstract ideas. Alianation of the society!!Later Victorians (naturalism)!- Naturalism developed in france at the end of the century folowing the theory worked out by Darwin; oneof the best representatives of this literary movement is Emile Zola.!- the later victorians didn't share the same values of their readers, they attacked the optimism of the earlyvictorians (Darwin's theory strucked at the core of the victorian optimism in progress) the naturalistswanted to photograph the reality, to be completely detached from realy and truly objective, withoutintruding into their characters' stories.
Their critics to society were hursher than the realists. They wanted torecor events as a scientist could do (undelining the worst aspects of society).
They didn't succeed,because practically they judged society in their novels. No happy ending!- they are interested in depicting case histories, they wanted to focus their attention on the external realityand not on the inner one.!Thomas Hardy 1840-1928!- Thomas Hardy was born in Dorchester, Dorset shire. He became an architect and moved to London. Hestarted to write poems, that at frst didn't get great success. Despite this, he kept on writing, giving uparchitecture and to completely dedicate himself to writing. He wasn' t a representative of his age.!- Hardy's literary production can be divided into three periods: - 15 successful novels, Far from the!!!!!!!! Madding crowd!!!!!!!!
- dedicated himself to drama!!!!!!!! - 1909-1928 he the Wessex poems!- Thomas Hardy can be considered:!- REGIONALIST: the background of his novels and poems is alwes Wessex, the modern Dorset.
Used to write about Victorian age but in the old wessex sorroundings!3. ROMANTIC: choosing Wessex he wanted to describe a rural and natural area, its agricultural society!!! (the humans' activity and labour connected to nature). Nature is a enemy to man even if at!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The beginning of Tess of The d' Urbervilles it is still a shelter to man. Love at the!!!! Beginning is an extraordinary feeling, but soon turns into a disillusion and a failure(nature).!- PESSIMIST: Hardy's pessimistic view of life derived from Shopenhauer's concept of the immnent will,!!!
An everwealming power which blindly rules the world. Man is the Immanent will's puppet.!!!
Man is deprived from free will and no longer responsible of his actions. Hardy believed in!!! Fatalistic determination according to which man is doom to failure, there is no way to be!!! Saved(no help from God, society or family).!- NATURALIST: according to Hardy (following Darwin's theory of the species) man is determined by his!!! Past (condition by heredity characters), by the environment and by the circumstances of!! Determined by past, place and time!- REALIST: his aim was to photograph reality without any judgment but he didn' succeed, for this reason! His works were similar to the ones of the early victorians (realism).!- Tess of the D'Urbervilles 1891, Hardy's masterpiece.
The story is divided into chapters, each chapterdescribes on of Tess' life. He wrote a subtitle to the novel ' a pure woman', that showed Hardy's relation tothe victorian compromise.
Tess is described as a fallen woman, but hardy disagree (judgment), accordingto him she is pure and a victim of her time. Hursh critic to the so called respectabiity of the Victorian age.Tess can take shelter neither from the society nor from her family. She is the symbol of the humansacrifice, she was sentenced to death from her society.!- Desdemona in Othello was considered guilty as Tess even though she didn' do anything!- 'justice is done': end of the story. Here Hardy' pessimist comes up to the surface; he intrudes into thestory, he wants to moralize and criticize.
He didn' share the same idea of his readers according to whichTess must be considered guilty. Bitter pessimism.!chapters: 1. The maiden: attractive and beautiful girl sold by her father to a rich family!! Maiden no more: Tess is seduced by Alec and give birth to her child, prematurely dead!!
The rally: new life for Tess. She works hardly in the fields, she meets Angels and gets married!! The consequences: Tess tries to tell Angel the truth but he abandons her, reduced to poverty!! The woman pays: she is alone and starts working in the fields!! The convert: she goes back to Alec and becomes his mistress,she couldn'count on her family!!
Fulfillment: Angel comes back, she is now free and happy but her life comes to the end!Robert Louis Stevenson 1850-1894!- Stevenson was born in Edinburgh. He rebelled against his father's calvinistic education and became awriter by profession. In 1873 went to french riviera to recover from tuberculosis. Treasure island 1883, hisfirst adventure novel, brought him immediate fame. Due to his poor health he travelled a lot among pacificislands and finally settled in Samoa, becoming a legend fo the locals. He died unexpectedly in 1894!- The strange case of Dr.
Jekyill and Mr. Hyde 1886, it is a long short story that received immediatesuccess. The novel deals with the concept that a respectable vicotiran man like Jekyill could lead a doublelife. There are three different narrators: Utterson, Dr Jekyll and Dr Lanion (Jekyll's friend and collegue)!- the novel can be defined a thriller: - the word case in the title is associated with medical, psychological!!!!! And police case.!!!!! - there is a crime with some victims!!!!!
- there is a detecrive (Utterson, lowyer as a profession)!!!!! - there are suspects and clues, and finally a guilty person!!!!! - the case can be seen from three different prospectives (narrators)!!!!! - setting, London, fogy and mysterious, scenes take place at night!!4. Dr Jekyll: representation of the perfect respectable, responsible, reliable Victorian man, an hard worker,who is able to control himself from drives and does not indulge in sin. He is obsessed with the idea of goodand evil mixed within the same person; for this reason he invented a drug that enables him to separate thetwo souls.
Hyde shorter than Jekyll because Jekyll has never used his evil part, in this way, like a muscle,if not used it tends to reduce.!- theme of the double: the novel deals with the concept of Doppleganger, double personality. Human beingis not a single block, but has multiple personalities.
Man's natural duplicity!- role of science: are scientists supposed to go beyond the limits imposed by nature? Mary Shelley saidno, Stevensons says that if science completely transforms human nature the consequences will bedisastrous. Theme of the overreacher.!humanistic question: if man is actually divided into good and evil, was he originally completely good orcompletely evil? Supposing that man was originally evil, it is thanks to social rules that he can control hisdrives and instincs. If, on the other hand, man is naturally good, the rules imposed by society becomepotentially dangerous. Stevenson gives an answer: there must be a balance in which man is aware of hispassions and drives and should control himself without being put under the laws imposed by society.!Aesthetic movement!- the aestheticism raised in the second half of the 19 century as a reaction to the dominant fratures of thevictorian compromise.
One of the creeds was 'Art for Art's sake', art must be totally detached from socialor moral issues, art without commitment. Another creed, derived from Walter Pater: 'life is meant as awork of art', also assumed by D' Annunzio: 'bisogna fare la propria vita come si fa un' opera d' arte'!- man has to find the finest and deepest emotions in the work of art!Oscar Wilde 1854-1900!- Wilde was born in Dublin, educated in Trinity college and then went to Oxfort, where he soon feltattraction towards the aesthetic movemen (Walter Pater was the prist of it). He cultivated his extravaganteway of life, he was a dundy, always looking for extreme and refined elegance. In 1881 was invitet to theUSA to give lectures.
In 1883 he married Constance Lloyd who gave him two children. 1895 Wilde wasaccused by the Marquess of Queensbury of having homosexual relationships with her son. He was giventwo years of hard labour in reading jail, he got divorced and his popularity decreased.he spent his lastyears in Paris, where he died alone in a small hotel in 1900.
He is the major representative of the Aestheticmovement, he made his life a work of art. Against all the values of the victorian compromise!!THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY 1891!-This novel can be considered the manifesto of the aesthetic movement, it sums up Wilde's theories aboutlife of sensations and pleasures. The novel is a mixture of Dorian Gray and Wilde's philosophy of life. At thebeginning of the story Dorian is an innocent beautiful young man, that, once he gets in contact with LordHenry, starts to carry out an immoral and superficial life (innocence-experience Blake). The portait thatDorian's friend Basil made of him, endowed with supernatural qualities, starts to change; it mirrorsDorian's moral decay and when Dorian decides to destroy the portair in order to recovery his lostinnocence, he kills himself (similarity with DJAMH).!- the novel contains some mysterious elements. (it was commissioned together with Sherlock Holmes'story by an american publisher that wanted two mystery stories for his magazine). Similarities with DJAMH!- the ending of the story is exreamly moral, didactive aim: there is a price to be paid for a lifeof pleasure,Wilde, in the Profundis written in prison), refers to his past life of pleasure as something he has to pay for!- references:-to 'the book': the name of the book is 'A rebours' by Huysmans.
In the book the main!! Character tries to live a life of pleasure in a world where beauty, art and artificiality fuse!! -to Faustus that sold his soul to the devil in change of 24 years of universal knoledge. Has made a bond with evil (represented by Hanry) by living a life of pleasures!! -to the 'oval portait' by Edgar Allan Poe, when in the book is stated 'the oval glass'. Novel the portait absorbs the painters' wife's beauty and soul. When the portait is finished, his!
Literary production: -Endymion 1818 (allegory of his search for an ideal female love)!!! -To a nightmare!!! -Ode on a grecian urn!!! -To autumn!!! -On melancholy!!! -Hyperion!- non romantic features: -lack of social commitment (unlike Shelley and Byron who went to war)!!!
-lack of subjectivism (unlike the romantics, it is not at the core of the poem)!!! -no identification between the nature and the poet (according to the romantics!!! Nature was the main representative of their mood and feelings)!!! -use of the 5 senses (feelings that are worth puting into words)!- poetry: keats found relief in poetry.
According to him poetry should represents what imagination!!! Suggests when strucked by beauty. Poetry has no moral function, only expresses the sense of!! The world of poetry is artificial, it is the result of imagination that completely recreates!! Reality according to the poet's wish.
The world of poetry is the reflexion of personal direct!!! Experience!- beauty: beauty acquires all the characteristics that nature had for the romantics: consolation, a shelter, a! Friend to man, a source of joy. Nature is seen as a form of beauty. Two types of beauty coexist:!! The physical beauty (doom to decay) and spiritual beauty (eternal, comes up in physical beauty).beauty is associated with truth and it is the only knowledge mankind can have!- art: in art beauty will remain forever.
The classical greek world of art is the highest expression of beautyaccording to Keats art is definetly superior to life!- imagination: imagination can both create and perceive beauty.Keats considers imagination a superior!! Value, that enables the poet to escape from reality recreating another reality (the world of!! The reality may be sweet, but the reality created by imagination is sweeter.!- role of the poet: the poet must devote himself to the search for beauty. The poet must be endowed with!!! The so called 'negative capability' that enables the poet to get rid of his personality and!!! Identity in order to identify himself in the object of beauty!- Ode on a grecian urn: it is the celebration of the beautiful scene which adorns an ancient greek urn.
Poet is speaking directly to the urn and he is fascinated by the fact that art an!!! Freeze beauty, making it eternal; in art there is immobility, the beauty of the girl will!! Never decay as well her lover's passion. Sensuous poem.!!Victorian Poetry!Dramatic Monologue!- appeared around 1850. A dramatic monologue is a fairly long poem in which only one character speaksabout himself or something important that has happened to his, the character reveals his treatsunconsciuosly.
The main representatives of the dramatic monologue are Browning and Tennyson.!- features:-first person speaker (not the author), usually is an historical figure!! -setting: precise historical and geographical background!!! -presence of the silent listener, his presence can be inferred from clues in the speaker's words!!
-moment of crisis of the speaker!! -colloquial language, abrupt as live speach!!
-irregular and unusual syntax, punctuation!!!7. Robert Browning 1812-1889!- the best representative of the dramatic monologues. He usually took the subject for his monologue from!italian medioeval and renaissance history. The speaker is a powerful man unhappy in his private life. Inspeaking Browning's characters reveal their personalities through unexpected mental associations!- pesronalitiy: Browning is convinced that (like stevenson) humans' personality is not a single aspect, butis! Rather multiplicity of selves, often incoherently mixed.!- the past setting let him to be detached from the contemporary world!- psychological aspect: the scholar David Daiches considers Browing's dramatic monologues to be like i!!!
Cebergs: made up of a visible part (the characher wants to give of himself) and of!!! An invisible part (the real inner personality). Browning was interested in the!!! Psychological analysis of his characters, especially with the conscious and!!! Unconscious parts oh man. He wanted to discover how human's mind works!- My last duchess 1842, dramatic monologue set in Ferrara.
The Duke (Alfonso II of Este) tells about hiswife whose murder was ordered by the duke himself because her good manners to everybody seemed tohim an insult to his social life. The duke is jealous of the work of art and not of his dead wife!Alfred Tennyson 1809-1892!- when he studied at Cambridge on of the leding figures was Arthur Hallam, one of Tennyson's bestfreinds. In 1833 Hallam died unexpectedly; this event traumatized him for the next 17 years until he wasable to write, in a moment of crisis, Ulysses.!- Tennyson's subjects are taken from the past (midle ages or classical past)!- Ulysses 1842, dramatic monologue. Tennyson's Ulysses is a complex figure, he is the fierce homericwarrior, a restless spirit ever open to new knowledge and experiences who finds the meaning of life incontinuous movement and changing horizons, he is not a young and corageous hero. The silent listenersare the members of the crew (Ulysses compare to Milton's satan, leaders). According to Ulysses life ismade up of courage, endurance, determination and persistence!- westward: symbol of the sunset, that is referred to the end of the day; parallelism between the end of the! Day and the end of Ulysses' life!- Ulysses: he is both a good and a bad character.
He is selfish when he decides to leave his family in!! Order to follow his personal inclination. He is an overreacher.
Thirstful of knowledge!!TENNYSON!!!!!! BROWNING!. LANGUAGE LANGUAGE!- blank verse (no rhymes). Alliterations - rhymes!- speaks directly, no indirect secret message - colloquial dialogue, digressions and colloquialism!- repetition of some ideas rather than others - symbols, double meanings and secret messages! -dramatic hirony, suspense, complex syntax!!!!!!
Long sentences!!!!!!!!!!! Run on lines!. SETTING SETTING!- past recreated throughout poet's words -historical background, past given bu the author,!imaginary world!!!!
-real past, real setting, historical accurated!!!!!!! Characters' behaviour!!- no objectivity (Tennyson identifies himself) -total objectivity and detachment(no identify)!- no psychological backgroung (only feelings) -psychological analysis, icebergs!- dealt with political and social background of -he was aware of the conflicts of his time but!his age; concearned with the social values, he looked at life with optimism that enabled!he tried to solve the problem but he was him to overcome scepticism and frustration!divided to faith and doubt. He was fascinated!by science and wanted to find a compromise!between faith and science!!. ROLE OF THE POET THE ROLE OF THE POET!- the poet has a public role and must give voice -the poet is directly responsible to God for!to noble ideals(determination, courage, heroism) what he writes. The poet has a mission to!8. The poet has to alleviate the harsh consequences carry out: he has to teach and encourage!of the social and industrial revolution.
He man to struggle for his good!represents at the same time the doubts and the!hopes of his time!!. POETRY POETRY!- Tennyson is a poet of sensations rather then - Browning's poetry is obscure and complex!thought. His poetry has a languid melody and because of the associations of different!sensuality, made up of musicality and grace ideas.
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References to personal elements!!. ROMANTIC ASPECTS ROMANTIC ASPECTS!- identification of the character's feelings with -no attempt to come to terms with his age!the poet's felings!! -exploration of the unconsciuos part, romantic!- attraction for the unknown tendency to describe feelings and emotions!- Ulysses is an overreacher -tendency to infinity, feelings taken to the extream!- escapism and heroism (Byron)!- nature is something to be discovered!- musicality and repetitions!!20th Century!- Queen Victoria's son, Edward VII was crowned in 1901, after the death of his mother.!-society: the society didn' change a lot, there are similarities with the Victorian Age. After the election of theliberal party in 1906, many steps were taken against poverty (laws for poor children), caused by the highrate of old people(out of work). It was passed an old age pension (minimal wages and medical tratments).during this age popular newspapers appeared (lower price and attractive layout), The Daily mail 1896.!- women situation: at the beginning of the century, they were considered a second class citizens but duringthe 1WW they acquired importance. The battle fot the right to vote was fought by the 'suffragettes'movement, whose leader was Emmeline Punkhurst.
In 1918 women were given the right to vote!- on Edward VII's death, his son,George V, reigned from 1910 up to 1936!- 1914 england decleared war to Germany. The nation was pleased and enthusiastic because they werefighting for democracy. By using propaganda among England rapidly spread a sense of patriottism, heroicman that has to fulfill his duties. During the war machines guns and shells (shell shock) killed most of thepeople, leaving a sense of disillusion and isolation.!- after the 1WW, because of the increase of the war industrial products, the labour party rose and tradeunions started to guarantee the workers higher wages and better conditions.
1926 general workers strike(coal miners, ship builders and cotton workers) for the period of hardship. The soldiers felt guilty, there wasa huge gap between the old and the young generations.
The empire started to fade.!- during the 30s allover europe and america spread the depression to which followed a period of recoverydue to the rearmament fot the impending war against Germany, which was gaining control over Europe!- in 1936 on Grorge V' death, his son, Edward VIII succeeded to the throne. He raigned only for 10months, then he had to abdicate because of his support for the nazi cause.!- in 1936 Edward VIII' brother, George VI, became the king.
He raigned from 1936 to 1952!- in 1936 Chamberlain became the prime minister. In the same year the civil war broke out in Spain.England give support to the republica cause (many men of letters went to Spain- Owen, Orwell)!- in these years newspapers were subplanted by the radio broadcast. In 1926 the British BroadcastingCorporation (BBC) was founded.!!20th Century Literary production!- defined as the age of anxiety by Owden, thi age is really complex; its complexity comes up in the literaryproduction.
New forms of expressions were experimented. Before the two world conflicts, the faith inprogress was spread (positivism); after the 1 and the 2 WW started to decline; progress brought death(gun machines). Literature: exploration of memory; art: rebellion against prospective (picasso); music:revolution of time, rythm and harmony.
All the certainties start to fade: new scientidic researches: theory ofrelativity (subjective)!9. Transition period 1901-1901.
This period is characterized by the Edwardians (Galsworthy, Bennett andWells), the Exotic writers (Kipling and Conrad) and Psychological novelists (James, Lawrence and Forster)!- modernists: Elliot, Joyce and Woolf!-influences:- Freud's theory affected all the century's literary production. Freud underlined the importance!! Of the unconscious part of man; man's actions are the result of some irrational forces of!! Which man is aware.
The super ego(irrational force) can impose contrains on the individual!! (social life and education). In order to undestand how human's mind works Freud proposed!! The free association of ideas and the analysis of dreams!! -Jung added, to Freud's theory, the concept of the collective unconscious, a sort of cultural!!
Memory containing universalmyths and beliefs which operate on a symbolic level; some!! People can respond to that symbolic meaning unconsciously!! -William James thought that our mind recors every single event as a continuous flow of the!! Already into the not yet; consciousness does not appear to itself choper up in bites, but if!! Flows like a stram or like a river!! -Bergson made a distinciton between the historical time (external, linear and can be!!!
Measured with the cloak, it is a convention) and the psychological time (internal, subjective!! And can be measured with emotions)!!!The Edwardians!The edwardians are those writers who born during the Victorian age and lived during the 20th Century.!-Virginia Woolf defined these three artists as materialists because their novels deal with the materialaspect of the social life. They described the outside of the house without describing what happens inside.!John Galsworthy 1867-1933!-he wrote about english society from the point of view of the upper middle class. His themes concernedwith affluent rich families that radically changed their stable victorian life at the arrival of the 1WW. He wonthe noble prize in 1932.!Arnold Bennet 1867-1931!-he showed all his symphaty towards the lower middle class, he used to depict ordinary families' lifes. Herespected the traditional form of the novel. His masterpiece is Ann of the five towns!Herbert George Wells 1866-1946!- he was a journalist, studied biology and believed in scientific progress.
He wrote some fantastic novelssuch as: The invisible man, The time machine and The war of the worlds. He also wrote some utopiannovels such ah A modern utopia, marked by pessimism regarded mankind!The exotic writers!Joseph Rudyard Kipling 1865-1936!- Kipling was a traditional novelist, the vast majority of his works are set in India, and exotic and charimngcountry. He was in favuor of colonialism (The white man's burden) and admired the role of the EnglishEmpire. He justifies colonialism saying that the white man has to help the natives.!Joseph Conrad 1857-1924!-he can be considered an adventures, an exotic and a modern writer, his works stend between thetraditional and the modern novel!- his father was a man of letter and an activist in the insurrectional movement. He was exiled in Russia.!- at the age of 12, Conrad's parents died; he was brought up by his unlce in France.!- 1874 he moved to Marsilles where he joined a French ship!10. 1878 joined an Engish merchant ship, where he started to learn the language!- 1886 he became an English citizen!- 1890 he went up to the River Congo (gave him the chance to come face to face with colonialism)!- 1892-93 Conrad began to write, and after the success of his first novel, devoted himself to literature!- remarkable books: -The nigger of the narcissus 1897!!!
- Lord Jim 1900!!! - Heart of darkness 1902!!! - Nostromo 1094!!! - The secret agent 1907!!! - The shadow-line 1917!- reole of the poet: expressed in the preface of The nigger of the narcissus. The poet has to teach and to!!!
Amuse (being detached) and he has to record the complexity of life as the writer sees!!! The poet has to explore the meaning of the human situation.!- environment landscape: he describes a sinister and a mysterious natural environment that mirrors the!!!! Characters' inner mysterious world.!- psychological aspect: conrad can also be considered as a psychological novelelist because he tries to!!! Explore the his characters' inner world.!- characters: the characters are described in a moment of crisis nd in exeptional circumstances. Put under the test of loneliness and desolation where all their values are futile.
Analysed are neither completely aknowledge as in the traditional novel, nor completely!! Abandoned as in the modern novel.!- theme: the white man who relies on the civilized world virtutes (honesty,courage, fidelity and pity) that!! Finds himself in an uncivilized place where all his virtues collapse (loneliness and desolation).!! Contrast between the comfortable society and the dangerous situations in which the individual is!! Put.!- nature: is not a shelter to man, but an hostile, wilde and savage place as well as its inhabitants!- Heart of darkness 1902: it is a long short story or novella based on Corand's personal experience (river!!!! In that occasion he discovered the nature of his personality.
Associated with the Dark continent, Conrad's story is also about the darkness,!!!! That impenetrable mystery that lies at thw core of human personality. Geographical discovery into the unknown continent coresponds to the voyage!!!! Of discovery into the self.
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When freed from civilization, the white man reverts to!!!! His true self: savage and instinctive (more than the natives). This novel exposes!!!!
The hipocracy and cruelty of the colonization.!Psychological novelistsHenry James 1843-1916!- he was an american writer who travelled a lot between USA ans Europe. He was a traditional writer,developed his stories in chronological order. The only shift present is in the Time throughout the use ofmemoy and digressions. The character in the novel lives thepresent moment but at the same time his mindis living in another time and place. He wasinterested in the character's inner world as a reation to theexternal world!David Herbert Lawrence 1885-1930!- Lawrence was influenced by Freud.
He focused his attention on the contrasts between the conscious andthe unconscious hidden drives of the mind (Stevenson anticipated his concept). Unlike Forster he explicitydenounced the danger of the repression of the hidden unconscious drives.like Woolf, he was critical of thematerialistic vision of the reality of the Edwardians, but at the same time he rejected modenism and itstechnique. He cosidered modernism sterile and unspontaneous!Edward Morgan Forster 1879-1970!- his father died when he was 1 year-old, he was brought up by his mother and hia grat-aunt. AtCambridge he was inspired by Moore about the importance of human relationships. He cultivated the cult11. Of art and beauty as the only way to find harmony in a disintegrated world. He was a member of theBloomsbury gruop (founded by Virginia Woolf), and all of them rejected the victorian moral codes.
Hetravelled to Italy, Greece and India 1912. He worked for the Red Cross during the 1WW.!-literary production:- Maurice!!! - Haward's end!!! - A room with a view 1908!!!
- A passage to India 1924!- characters: -comparisons between social classes. (italians' relaxed way- englishs' strictness morality)!! -he focused on the complexity of his characters and not on the plot!! -characters generally described in a moment of crisis, torn between different cultures!! -round characters, analyzed in their psychological aspect!- A passage to India 1924, the novel deals with the clash between Indian and English culture.
The Britishare presented as civilized servants of the crown. The relationship between them is artificial and difficult.they try to understan each others, but in vain. Forster wanted to analyse characters' emotional life inrelation to thei social and historical background.
The book can be divided into tree parts: 1 The mosque,2The caves, 3The trial. There is a comparison between the english and the indian natural landscape: theindian one reflects the relatipnship between man and nature. Bridge is a symbol of unification!- a modern writer: he recognizes the importance of unconscious and shared the idea that reality is not justa block but it has different faces. Unlike the modernists, Forster does not want to reproduce the flow ofthoughts.!!The Modernists- 1910 is the dividing line between traditional novels and modern novels!- the modernists broke up with the traditional conventions and tried to explore the process of the humanmind!- consciousness it is the entire area of mental attention from the pre-conscioussness up to the differentlevels of the mind, culminating with the communicable and rational part.
There ara two levels ofconsciousness:!1. The speech level: can be orally communicated and it is rationally organized (is what the psychologicalnovelists wanted to analyze)!2. The pre-speech level: has no communicative basis and it isn’t rationally controlled and ordered (it iswhat the modernists wanted to analyze).
It corresponds with the pre-consciuos part!- the modernists wanted to analyze the pre-speech level and what starts the unconscious mentalprocess, (memory, sensations, feelings and intuitions), and Chao this process works (through freeassociations of ideas and symbols). They are no longer interested in plots, chronological order and in thetypical structure of the traditional novel (no beginning/end), no punctuation, no syntax, it is a chaos!- the stream of consciousness technique is the method used by the modernists to put into wordssomething that is beyond communication. This technique includes some cinematic techniques such asflashbacks, fade out, smilies, metaphors, stories within stories and the interior monologue that is thedevice used by the modernists to communicate something incommunicable.!James Joyce 1882-1941- he was born in dublin. He witnessed and refused the Irish revival (literary movement that wanted torevive the ancient gaelic origin of the country). According to Joyce the only way to progress, was toopen up to european influences!12. Dublin was everywhere, Dublin as the centre off paralysis; paralysis was everywhere.
THE DEAD:!- it can be seen as a play. It can be divided into 3 parts: the arrival of the guests, the dinner and the hotelroom.each part contains a moment of Gabriel’s failure, as a gentlemen, as a Irish and as a husband.Gabriel has an epiphany: when Gabriel is in the dark hall waiting for gretta, she is paralyzed in like in apicture. Epiphany of Gabriel, that realizes he is not willing to die for gretta. Gretta’s epiphany: sheremembers Michael fury when she heard the song that he was used to sing. Snow is symbol ofparalysis, it covers everything, uniforms everything, both the living and the dead!ULYSSES 1922!- tells the story of one single day 16-June 1094, in the life of Leopold bloom, the antihero. Stephendaedalus, the artist, sacrifices himself for art.
Leopold and Stephen depend on each others, the artisthas to raise the common man, while the common man provides the material for the artist.in a single daycoexist past, present and future.(eliot said that Joyce used the mythical method, in order to read thereality by smelling the actions present in the Odyssey). It is a moral journey. In ulysses the stylechanges according to the place that Leopold visits-hospital, is the nursery rhymes;in the newspaperoffice, is the newspaper style). Molly is the unfaithful woman; when Leopold comes back home she isthinking about her past love affairs.!Virginia Woolf- she was born in London in 1882.
Her father was a man of letter. She used to spend her summers inCornwall (affected by the sea) her mother died when she was 13 (started the mental breakdowns); herfather when she was 22. Virginia, Vanessa, Toby and Adrian moved to Bloomsbury (London suburb). In1912 she married Leonard Woolf (Hogarth press). She couldn’t stand the anxiety brought by the wars,and because of her illness, she decided to drown herself in the river!- Bloomsbury group: disdain of the Victorian traditional morality, rejected the classical artistic forms,radical thinkers, unconventional ideas about sexual practices, anti.war feelings!- literary production:!1.
1915 A voyage out!2. 1925 Mrs Dalloway and The common readers!3. 1927 To the light house and Orland!4. 1931 The waves!- sea: 1 something harmonious and feminine 2a way to escape from reality, resolution of intolerableproblems. The waves never stop, like the stream of consciousness!- she was interested in depicting the inner complexity of man’s feelings and also memories.
For thisreason, in her novels, events loose their priority whereas the impression on the events on once’personality is fundamental!- life: according to Virginia life is not chopped up in single and peculiar bits; it is a single moment, madeup of different impressions given by manu little moments. The moment of being (epiphany) is a raremoment when the character (during the daily routine), can see life as a whole thing, he can perceive lifeas a single meaningful moment.!MRS DALLOWAY!like in ulysses she leaves home for a futile thing: she has to buy flowers for her party. In the novel, whileshe wanders through the streets of london, in her mind coexist present, past and future (concept ofpsychological dime and historical time-Big Ben). Her day lasts a life time.
She describes london as a modelcity; she has to recover from her heart disease, london has to recover from the war. The squeak of the doorreminds her of her youth, in burton. (perter walsh).!14.
Septimus and clarissa are the alter ego of one another. He is clarissa’s double: they react in different waysat the same thing, they both are trying to recover from a loss (psychological and physical). (virginia wantedto underline that everyone reacts in a different way, personality). Apart from the flower shop (motorcycle,clarissa is curious about the new technologies in London while Peter, shell shocked, is afraid of the strongnoises) and the park (airplane) septimus and clarissa are really united when Dr Bradshaw reveals all thedetails of septimus death at clarissa’s party. Clarissa, even if she had never met septimus, physicallyreached.septimus committed suicide because he couldn’t bare the sufferings brought by the war.
Throughseptimus death, clarissa has the moment of being, she realizes that she is grateful to that man that hasinterfered with her life, because he did something she would have never dome:suicide; this let clarissaunderstand that septimus accepted death, whilee she has to accept life, she has to go on living, and shehas to accept the idea of growing old and to die.!!Thomas Sterns Eliot- he was born in Missouri, he went to Paris, where he studied Bergson’s theories. From rituals to Romances by Jessie Weston: the ancient aridity myth with the rituals of the earlychristians and then to the medieval romances of the Holy grail. He took the idea of the wasteland.legend of the fisher king who brought aridity and infertility to his kingdom. The course can bereverse by a knight that knows the meaning of the symbols related to the holy grail legend (cup, lance)!2. The golden Bough by Sir James Frazer: this book provided Eliot with the knowledge of of primitivemyths and sacrifices performed to ensure fertility and the cycle of seasons!- there is no real plot, there are a lot of speaking voices, made up of bits of conversations spoken bydifferent narrators associated through the free associations of ideas, quotations (35 people)!- the poet in this phase sees only ruin and desolation; he is concerned with the decay of westerncivilization!- the main metaphor of the poem is the spiritual dryness and sterility of the modern life. People live in mud-cracked houses (sterility). The hopelessness is reinforced by the image of themothers crying for their children’s destiny; they are going to war, they are going to die.
Reader aware of that kind of society where facts are more important than ideologies. The language is theone used in statistics, it’s satirical, practical and bureaucratic.!GEORGE ORWELL- pen name of Eric Arthur Blair. He was born in india but soon moved to England. His family was poor, buteven when he won a scholarship for a prestigious university he didn’t have the courage to leave thepoor. He sided with the poor and rejected every idea of man’s dominion over man.he felt guilty becausehe couldn’t help the poor.he fought in the civil war in Spain where he saw the manipulation of socialistenthusiasm; his disillusionment with totalitarism methods of the communism was growing.!NINETEEN EIGHTY FOUR!- it is a dystopian novel (where authors tend to exaggerate the worst aspect of the present society inorder to make a nightmarish vision of the possible future society). He imagines Britain ruled by the BigBrother, and 4 different ministries(peace, love, plenty, truth) that manipulate and control people thanksto three means (rewriting history, creation of the new language, brain wash) that combines the aspectsof communism, nazism and capitalism.
The 3 main states (oceania, eurasia, eastasia) are permanentlyat war. Winston smith tries to understand what is really going on.
Once he is discovered to have a loveaffair with a party’s member, he is rehabilitated through brain wash; now is a puppet in the hands of thestate, that can manipulates him; he has lost his personality and identity, dignity, self respect. Themes ofthe novel: account of the danger of totalitarianism, need of communication, dullness of life in which art,love are exploited for the welfare of the state!SAMUEL BECKETT-!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!18.
Anteprima del testo Capitolo Historical context from the Middle Ages to the the 14th and the 15th centuries English politics and life had been dominated Years War between France and England caused the English claim French throne.
AugustanAge 168 James II removed: bloodless revolution1689 Bill of rights1707 Act of Union: Scotland part of UK1714 Hanovers ascend the throne1746 Stuarts defeated at Culloden1764-75 Industrial revolution1776 American indipendencethrone by James II to William of Orange to Queen Anne to (Hanovers) George I;when J II converted to Catholicism he was strongly opposed. However, everybody expected the throneto pass to 1 of the king's Protestan daughters from his 1st marriage. 2nd, the increase in the number of middle class people who could read & write ( due to the expansion of theschool system & the setting of lending libraries.Fictional autobiographies of criminals enjoyed great popularity. Pilgrims Progress was the book most read.The 18th century novel laid the foundations of the genre in terms of plot, cheracterisation, dialogue, use ofnarrator and the combination of humour, realism and serious moral concern.
The novel is verey flexible as aliterary form and in continuous renewal over time.Horace Walpole created the tradition of the Gothic novel and established the main rules of this genre.Gothic novels are set in remote places, medieval castles, and include many inexplicable or supernaturalevents. The atmosphere is highly emotional & the main feeling are anxiety and terror. The characters areflat and divided into good and bad, while the main story is usually of an innocent girl pursued by a villain.The devlelopment of poetryThe most valued ideals were harmony, clarity, proportion, correctness, technical perfection, elegance oflanguage & of poetic diction.Satire. The pastoral, a classical form which presents idealized situations of rural life set in the Arcadia ofancient Greece.Classicsm were very evident in the work of 3 of the major poets of the age: John Dryden, the 1st PoetLaureate, a poet appointed by the king to write poems celebrating court & national events.
Pope S.Johnson. Thomas Gray expressed renewed interst in nature & displayed attitudes which anticipate laterliterary tendencies, such as the search for solitude & a subjective dimension.
His Elegy Written in a CountryChurchyard is rightly considered a transitional poem. Augustian Age0001 At the beginning of the 18th century Mary Stuart was the Queen ofEngland.0001 In that period the 'slave trade', that was started in the 16th century,has develop.0001 Scotland doesn’t have its 'hometrute', an own Parliament, and itwanted to be independent. But in that period was reunited to Britain;Scotland has own hometrute only in 1999.0001 When the George’s of Hanover had the power, there was the oppositionto them by the Jacobeans: there was some tension.Britain wanted to destroy French because in America there was theproblem of the colony, which were both English and French.With the 30-years-war England won on France.Then England gave heavy taxation to American colonies.
They say: 'NOTAXATION WITHOUT RAPPRESENTATION', and they refused to pay. In 1773the 'Boston Tea Party' made start the revolution.0001 At the end of 18th century there was the 1st industrial revolution.Britain was the first because:1. Britain was rich in IRON and COAL.2. In this century you saw a changing in agriculture. There were biglandowers, but from this point on was introduced the 'FOUR COURSEROTATION', that caused different and bigger productions. That facthad 2 consequences in particular: 1) people were more sane 2) lotsof people went to town to find new jobs.3. Britain was very famous for her cotton, but the production wasrealized at home and so wasn't enough to satisfy the big Europeanquestion.
These things pushed to the invention of machines.0001 The most important new inventions were: the POWERLOOM (telaiomeccanico) and then, a bit later, the STEAM ENGINE (locomotiva). So intown you have a big grown of factories. Many people went to town andworked there. Also children and women worked 15-16 hours a day too.And all this was right for the low.0001 Consequently you see the birth of new social class: the WORKING CLASS.There was also a grown up of people, called LUDDITES, that hatedprogress and so, because they were afraid to lost job, they destroyedthe machines, and other consequence was the big expansion of railways. The Augustan ageThe Historical context: The first two-third of the eighteenth century was a period of a relativestability and prosperity. In this period the monarchy lost the power in favour of Parliament.
In 1688James II was removed from the throne of England in a Glorious revolt. William Orange had marriedone of James’s daughters, Mary, was invited by the Parliament to succed to the throne, but beforethat he accepted the crown he had to sign the The Bill of Rights which limited the power ofmonarchy. In 1707 with the Act of Union the power of Parliament were extended because theScottish Parliament was united to the English one. In 1714 Anne, Mary’s sister, was dead and so thecrown passed from the Stuarts to the House of Hannover. The new King was George I°, but hedidn’t speak English.
In this period the great important figure was the Prime minister; there was twoimportants political parts: the Whigs and the Tories that consolidated their position and alternated ingovernment. The first Prime minister was Robert Walpole that based his policy on mercantileexpansion.The social context: Now England was a commercial country because there was a progress ofindustry, of agricolture and there was also the internal political stability, the towns increased in size.This commercial expansion was good for the merchant class infact this class in this period had thepower, but the noble class remained esclused by the power. The merchant class was culturless sothe man of marchant class was married with the daughters noble.
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